Clinical evidence on the immunomodulatory effects of mushroom-derived bioactive compounds in humans: a scoping review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70983/erwc3j43Keywords:
Immunomodulation, Mushrooms, Clinical Trials, Immune System, Functional FoodsAbstract
Introduction: Edible and medicinal mushrooms have traditionally been consumed for their health-promoting properties, particularly their capacity to influence immune function. In recent decades, their incorporation into nutraceutical products and dietary supplements has expanded alongside growing scientific interest in mushroom-derived bioactive compounds. However, human clinical evidence remains heterogeneous regarding species studied, extract characterization, populations, and immunological endpoints assessed. A structured synthesis focused on quantitative immune outcomes was therefore needed to clarify the scope and methodological patterns of existing studies. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and LILACS were searched from inception through March 10, 2025. Eligible studies were primary human clinical investigations evaluating immunomodulatory effects of single-species mushroom interventions administered orally and assessed using predefined quantitative techniques. Studies involving mixed formulations, unidentified species, animal or in vitro designs, or lacking quantitative immunological methods were excluded. Data were charted independently by two reviewers and synthesized narratively using descriptive frequency analysis. Results: Thirty-three studies met inclusion criteria. Although nineteen genera were predefined, only eight were represented in eligible trials. Ganoderma and Pleurotus were most frequently investigated. Polysaccharides and glycoconjugates were the predominant bioactive category. Cancer patients comprised the largest subgroup. Cellular immunity was most commonly assessed. Immunostimulatory effects predominated, alongside anti-inflammatory and bidirectional responses. Conclusions: Mushroom-derived dietary interventions are associated with measurable immune modulation in humans, especially within cellular immunity and inflammatory pathways. Greater extract standardization and harmonized immune biomarkers are required to strengthen translational relevance in clinical nutrition.
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