The role of omics sciences in precision nutrition

Abstract

Introduction: Precision nutrition emerges as an innovative approach that adapts dietary interventions to the biological, genetic, and environmental diversity of each individual. Unlike traditional recommendations, this paradigm seeks to optimize the prevention and management of chronic diseases through personalized strategies. Omics sciences, such as nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and nutriepigenetics, play an essential role in understanding the interactions between genes, nutrients and the environment, allowing for more effective and individualized interventions. Results: Nutrigenetics explores how genetic variants influence metabolic response. Prominent examples include the rs628031 polymorphism in SLC22A1/OCT1, related to response to drug treatments, and rs174547 in FADS1, involved in omega-3 synthesis. On the other hand, nutrigenomics analyzes how nutrients modulate gene expression, highlighting the positive impact of omega-3 fatty acids and Mediterranean diets in the regulation of inflammatory and antioxidant genes. Nutriepigenetics complements this approach by studying how diet affects gene expression through mechanisms such as DNA methylation. Conclusion: These advances highlight the potential of food and exercise in molecular regulation, promoting a comprehensive and personalized approach to health. However, the implementation of precision nutrition faces challenges such as high costs and the need for advanced infrastructure. Nevertheless, this discipline promises more inclusive, sustainable and effective interventions, with the potential to transform global health and reduce inequalities.