Nutrición y Epigenética: Modificaciones epigenéticas influenciadas por nutrimentos y su impacto en la salud y en el desarrollo de enfermedades
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70983/hggfy898Palabras clave:
Epigenética , ADN, Histona, Nutrimentos, Enfermedades CrónicasResumen
Introducción: La epigenética estudia modificaciones hereditarias que regulan la expresión génica sin alterar el ADN, como la metilación, modificaciones de histonas y ARN no codificante. Estos mecanismos, influenciados por factores como la alimentación, impactan en el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo ofrecer un panorama actualizado sobre el efecto de nutrientes específicos en los mecanismos epigenéticos y su relación con patologías como cáncer, diabetes y trastornos neurodegenerativos. Comprender esta interacción permitirá diseñar estrategias nutricionales preventivas y terapéuticas. Resultados: Nutrientes como el ácido fólico, metionina, colina, vitamina B12, polifenoles y omega-3 modulan procesos epigenéticos. El metabolismo C1, mediado por folatos, es clave para sintetizar grupos metilo, esenciales en la metilación del ADN; su deficiencia se asocia con hipometilación, defectos del tubo neural y desregulación metabólica. La metionina regula la producción de S-adenosilmetionina (SAM), vinculada a estabilidad genómica, y su restricción moderada reduce el crecimiento tumoral. Compuestos bioactivos (polifenoles, omega-3) inhiben enzimas como DNMT y HDAC, regulan microARN y activan sirtuinas (ej. resveratrol), promoviendo expresión génica protectora. Además, la interacción entre colina y microbiota intestinal influye en la conexión intestino-cerebro y trastornos neuropsiquiátricos. Conclusion: La nutrición influye en mecanismos epigenéticos, modulando la expresión génica y afectando el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas (cáncer, diabetes, etc.). Nutrientes y compuestos bioactivos en dietas equilibradas promueven salud epigenética. La nutrición personalizada, integrando investigación básica y clínica, junto con estrategias sostenibles y multidisciplinarias, optimiza intervenciones adaptadas a necesidades individuales.
Referencias
Abbas, A., Witte, T., Patterson III, W. L., Fahrmann, J. F., Guo, K., Hur, J., ... & Georgel, P. T. (2021). Epigenetic reprogramming mediated by maternal diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids protects from breast cancer development in F1 offspring. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 9, 682593
Alema, C., y Alema, E. (2022). Papel de la epigenética en la aterosclerosis y sus enfermedades consecuentes. Revista Cubana de Salud Pública, 48.
Baylin, S. B., & Jones, P. A. (2011). A decade of exploring the cancer epigenome - biological and translational implications. Nature Reviews Cancer, 11(10), 726-734. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3130
Begum, N., Mandhare, A., Tryphena, K. P., Srivastava, S., Shaikh, M. F., Singh, S. B., & Khatri, D. K. (2022). Epigenetics in depression and gut-brain axis: A molecular crosstalk. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14, 1048333. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.1048333
Borsoi, F. T., Neri-Numa, I. A., de Oliveira, W. Q., de Araújo, F. F., & Pastore, G. M. (2023). Dietary polyphenols and their relationship to the modulation of non-communicable chronic diseases and epigenetic mechanisms: A mini‐review. Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences, 6, 100155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100155
Bure, I. V., Nemtsova, M. V., & Kuznetsova, E. B. (2022). Histone modifications and non-coding RNAs: mutual epigenetic regulation and role in pathogenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(10), 5801. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105801
Chen, V., Schwartz, J. L., & Cho, C. E. (2023). Folate and Choline: Does It Take Two to Tango in Early Programming of Disease. Lifestyle Genom, 16, 177-191. https://doi.org/10.1159/000534452
Colinas, N., Montero-Pau, J., Carmona, M.J. et al. Transgenerational expression profiles of a sex related and an epigenetic control gene in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in relation to environmental predictability. Hydrobiologia 851, 2861–2873 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05316-1
D’Aquila, P., De Rango, F., Paparazzo, E., Mandalà, M., Bellizzi, D., & Passarino, G. (2022). Impact of nutrition on age-related epigenetic RNA modifications in rats. Nutrients, 14(6), 1232. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061232
Divyajanani, S., Harithpriya, K., Ganesan, K., & Ramkumar, K. M. (2023). Dietary polyphenols remodel DNA methylation patterns of NRF2 in chronic disease. Nutrients, 15(15), 3347. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153347
Ducker, G. S., & Rabinowitz, J. D. (2017). One-Carbon Metabolism in Health and Disease. Cell Metabolism, 25(1), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.08.009
Fitz-James, M. H., & Cavalli, G. (2022). Molecular mechanisms of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Nature Reviews Genetics, 23(6), 325-341. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-021-00438-5
Fontes Otero, E. A. (2024). Efecto epigenético de ZO-2 (Tesis de maestría, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN – Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias).
Girón López, J. J. (2022). Influencia de la disponibilidad de folatos, metionina, serina y glicina en el metabolismo y actividad de linfocitos T CD8+ efectores (Tesis doctoral, Universitat Politècnica de València). http://hdl.handle.net/10251/185375
González-Suárez, M., & Aguilar-Arnal, L. (2024). Histone methylation: at the crossroad between circadian rhythms in transcription and metabolism. Frontiers in Genetics, 15, 1343030. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2024.1343030
Guo, J., Buettner, R., Du, L., Yang, Y., Li, Z., & Rosen, S. T. (2022). Targeting the Methionine-MAT2A-SAM Axis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia with a Combination of Venetoclax and 8-Chloro-Adenosine or 8-Amino-Adenosine. Blood, 140(Supplement 1), 3056-3057. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2022-167606
Hou, H., & Zhao, H. (2021). Epigenetic factors in atherosclerosis: DNA methylation, folic acid metabolism, and intestinal microbiota. Clinica Chimica Acta, 512, 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.11.013
Hinte, L. C., Castellano-Castillo, D., Ghosh, A., Melrose, K., Gasser, E., Noé, F., ... & von Meyenn, F. (2024). Adipose tissue retains an epigenetic memory of obesity after weight loss. Nature, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08165-7
Kitada, M., Ogura, Y., Monno, I., Xu, J., & Koya, D. (2021). Effect of methionine restriction on aging: its relationship to oxidative stress. Biomedicines, 9(2), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9020130
Korsmo, H. W., & Jiang, X. (2021). One carbon metabolism and early development: A diet-dependent destiny. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 32(8), 579-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2021.05.011
Kovatcheva, M., Melendez, E., Chondronasiou, D. et al. Vitamin B12 is a limiting factor for induced cellular plasticity and tissue repair. Nat Metab 5, 1911–1930 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-023-00916-6
Li, K., Wahlqvist, M. L., & Li, D. (2016). Nutrition, One-Carbon Metabolism and Neural Tube Defects: A Review. Nutrients, 8(11), 741. https://doi:10.3390/nu8110741
Li, X., & Qi, L. (2022). Epigenetics in precision nutrition. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(4), 533. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12040533
Lozano Jiménez, Y. Y., Ochoa Cabezas, D. C., & Sanchez Mora, R. M. (2024). Regulación de la expresión génica de eucariotas: Principios básicos. Ediciones Unisalle.
Lyon, P., Strippoli, V., Fang, B., & Cimmino, L. (2020). B vitamins and one-carbon metabolism: implications in human health and disease. Nutrients, 12(9), 2867. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092867
Mattei, A. L., Bailly, N., & Meissner, A. (2022). DNA methylation: a historical perspective. Trends in Genetics, 38(7), 676-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2022.03.010
Matusheski, N. V., Caffrey, A., Christensen, L., Mezgec, S., Surendran, S., Hjorth, M. F., … & Péter, S. (2021). Diets, nutrients, genes and the microbiome: recent advances in personalised nutrition. British Journal of Nutrition, 126(10), 1489-1497. https://doi:10.1017/S0007114521000374
Meijer, M., Franke, B., Sandi, C., & Klein, M. (2023). Epigenome-wide DNA methylation in externalizing behaviours: a review and combined analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 145, 104997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104997
Meng, T., Xiao, D., Muhammed, A., Deng, J., Chen, L., & He, J. (2021). Anti-inflammatory action and mechanisms of resveratrol. Molecules, 26(1), 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010229
Moldón, Y. R., Lara, A. E., Cárdenas, J. A. H., & Cabodevilla, R. C. V. (2021). Tratamiento del cáncer basado en la epigenética. Correo Científico Médico de Holguín, 25(3).
Morellato, A. E., Umansky, C., & Pontel, L. B. (2021). The toxic side of one-carbon metabolism and epigenetics. Redox Biology, 40, 101850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101850
Nájera, H., Mannucci, D., & González, W. (2021). Defecto en el cierre del tubo neural: encefalocele nasofrontal. Revista Médica (Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Guatemala), 160(3), 266-269. https://doi.org/10.36109/rmg.v160i3.391
Neganova, M. E., Klochkov, S. G., Aleksandrova, Y. R., & Aliev, G. (2022, agosto). Histone modifications in epigenetic regulation of cancer: Perspectives and achieved progress. En Seminars in Cancer Biology, 83, 452-471. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.015
Nohesara, S., Abdolmaleky, H. M., Zhou, J. R., & Thiagalingam, S. (2023). Microbiota-induced epigenetic alterations in depressive disorders are targets for nutritional and probiotic therapies. Genes, 14(12), 2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14122217
Paladini, A. M., Lopes, T. D., & Machado, K. E. (2020). Benefícios do resveratrol como ativo cosmético na prevenção do envelhecimento cutâneo. Infarma-Ciências Farmacêuticas, 32(4), 319-328.
Panni, S., Lovering, R. C., Porras, P., & Orchard, S. (2020). Non-coding RNA regulatory networks. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Gene Regulatory Mechanisms, 1863(6), 194417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.194417
Pathak, A., Tomar, S., & Pathak, S. (2023). Epigenetics and Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology, 8(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.31557/apjcb.2023.8.1.75-89
Petrova, B., Maynard, A. G., Wang, P., & Kanarek, N. (2023). Regulatory mechanisms of one‐carbon metabolism enzymes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 105457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105457
39.Pham, V. N., Bruemmer, K. J., Toh, J. D., Ge, E. J., Tenney, L., Ward, C. C., ... & Chang, C. J. (2023). Formaldehyde regulates S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis and one-carbon metabolism. Science, 382(6670), eabp9201. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abp9201
Rahat, B., Hamid, A., Bagga, R., & Kaur, J. (2022). Folic acid levels during pregnancy regulate trophoblast invasive behavior and the possible development of preeclampsia. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 847136. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.847136
Ramos-Lopez, O., Milagro, F. I., Riezu-Boj, J. I., & Martinez, J. A. (2021). Epigenetic signatures underlying inflammation: An interplay of nutrition, physical activity, metabolic diseases, and environmental factors for personalized nutrition. Inflammation Research, 70, 29-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-020-01425-y
Riaz, F., & Li, D. (2019). Non-coding RNA associated competitive endogenous RNA regulatory network: novel therapeutic approach in liver fibrosis. Current Gene Therapy, 19(5), 305-317. https://doi.org/10.2174/1566523219666191107113046
Roy, D. G., Chen, J., Mamane, V., Ma, E. H., Muhire, B. M., Sheldon, R. D., … & Jones, R. G. (2020). Methionine metabolism shapes T helper cell responses through regulation of epigenetic reprogramming. Cell Metabolism, 31(2), 250-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.006
Rojano Rada, J., Fernández Mestre, M., & Ramírez Morales, C. (2023). Efecto de la epigenética en la artritis reumatoide. Medwave, e2619-e2619.
Sanderson, S. M., Gao, X., Dai, Z., & Locasale, J. W. (2019). Methionine metabolism in health and cancer: a nexus of diet and precision medicine. Nature Reviews Cancer. https://doi:10.1038/s41568-019-0187-8
Sandoval, S. D. C. D. (2024). Epigenética y nutrición personalizada. Revista Científica de Salud y Desarrollo Humano, 5(3), 562-577. https://doi.org/10.61368/r.s.d.h.v5i3.277
Stockert, A. L., Hall, S., Stockert, A. L., & Hall, S. (2021). Therapeutic potential of dietary polyphenols. In Functional Foods – Phytochemicals and Health Promoting Potential.
Singh, M., Hardin, S. J., George, A. K., Eyob, W., Stanisic, D., Pushpakumar, S., & Tyagi, S. C. (2021). Epigenetics, 1-carbon metabolism, and homocysteine during dysbiosis. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 617953. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.617953
Tompkins, J. D. (2022). Discovering DNA methylation, the history and future of the writing on DNA. Journal of the History of Biology, 55(4), 865-887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-022-09691-8
Villagrán-Andrade, K. M., Núñez-Carro, C., Blanco, F. J., & de Andrés, M. C. (2024). Nutritional Epigenomics: Bioactive Dietary Compounds in the Epigenetic Regulation of Osteoarthritis. Pharmaceuticals, 17(9), 1148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091148
Voruganti, V. S. (2023). Precision nutrition: recent advances in obesity. Physiology, 38(1), 42-50. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00014.2022
Wu, J., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Kong, L., Johnston, L. J., Lu, L., & Ma, X. (2022). Dietary nutrients shape gut microbes and intestinal mucosa via epigenetic modifications. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(3), 783-797. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1828813
Wu, Y. L., Lin, Z. J., Li, C. C., Lin, X., Shan, S. K., Guo, B., … & Li, Z. H. (2023). Epigenetic regulation in metabolic diseases: mechanisms and advances in clinical study. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 8(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01333-7
Yamunadevi, A., Pratibha, R., Rajmohan, M., Mahendraperumal, S., & Ganapathy, N. (2021). Basics of epigenetics and role of epigenetics in diabetic complications. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 13(Suppl 1), S336-S343. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_771_2
Yang, C., Zhang, J., Liao, M., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Yuan, Y., & Ouyang, L. (2021). Folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism: a targeting strategy in cancer therapy. Drug Discovery Today, 26(3), 817-825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2020.12.006
Zhang, L., Lu, Q., & Chang, C. (2020). Epigenética en Salud y Enfermedad. En: Chang, C., Lu, Q. (eds) Epigenética en Alergia y Autoinmunidad. Avances en Medicina Experimental y Biología, vol. 1253. Springer, Singapur. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3449-2_1
Zhang, S., & Kiarasi, F. (2024). Therapeutic effects of resveratrol on epigenetic mechanisms in age‐related diseases: A comprehensive review. Phytotherapy Research, 38(5), 2347-2360. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8176
Zhang, Y., Jelleschitz, J., Grune, T., Chen, W., Zhao, Y., Jia, M., … & Höhn, A. (2022). Methionine restriction‐association with redox homeostasis and implications on aging and diseases. Redox Biology, 57, 102464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102464
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Han, J. (2023). The role of histone modification in DNA replication-coupled nucleosome assembly and cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(5), 4939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054939
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Miao, R., Fang, X., Yin, R., Guan, H., & Tian, J. (2024). The MTHFR C677T/A1298C polymorphism is associated with increased risk of microangiopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2024.08.004
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Revista Nutricion Continua
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
